On Tuesday, February 17, 2026, the San Diego Herpetological Society welcomed Dr. Jeffrey Seminoff, Leader of NOAA's Marine Turtle Ecology & Assessment Program at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, for an engaging presentation on the biology and conservation of California's sea turtles. Blending captivating natural history stories with cutting-edge research findings, Dr. Seminoff offered our community an insider's perspective on how these ancient mariners are faring in our ocean backyard and around the world.

We extend our deepest gratitude to Dr. Seminoff for sharing his extraordinary expertise and passion. His dedication to sea turtle research and conservation since 1992 has fundamentally shaped our understanding of these iconic marine reptiles and advanced global efforts to protect them.

About Dr. Jeffrey Seminoff: A Leader in Sea Turtle Conservation

Dr. Jeffrey Seminoff is one of the world's preeminent sea turtle researchers, with over three decades of experience studying and protecting marine turtles throughout the Pacific Ocean. Since joining NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, California in 2002, Dr. Seminoff has led groundbreaking research that has transformed our understanding of sea turtle ecology, distribution, and conservation needs.

Dr. Seminoff's Distinguished Career:

• Leader, Marine Turtle Ecology & Assessment Program, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center
• Ph.D. from the University of Arizona (2000)
• Post-doctoral Fellow at University of Florida's Archie Carr Center for Sea Turtle Research (2000-2002)
• Past President of the International Sea Turtle Society
• Host of the 31st International Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation (San Diego, 2011)
• U.S. Delegate for the Scientific Committee of the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles
• Team Leader for green sea turtle status assessments for the IUCN Red List and U.S. Endangered Species Act
• Member of IUCN Marine Turtle Specialist Group and IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group
• Chief Editor of Chelonian Conservation and Biology
• Author of over 250 scientific publications and two books, including "Sea Turtles of the Eastern Pacific" (University of Arizona Press)
• Mentor to more than 50 graduate students in turtle research and conservation

Dr. Seminoff's current research focuses on innovative approaches including stable isotope analysis, biotelemetry, and aerial surveys to understand sea turtle life history throughout the Pacific. He is particularly dedicated to reducing fisheries bycatch in small-scale fisheries of Latin America and training the next generation of conservation scientists.

Sea Turtles in California Waters: Species, Distribution, and Ecology

California's coastal and offshore waters provide critical habitat for several species of sea turtles, despite being far from their tropical and subtropical nesting beaches. These ancient reptiles—some species virtually unchanged for 100 million years—undertake remarkable migrations and face numerous challenges in our modern oceans.

Five sea turtle species are found in California waters:

1. East Pacific Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) - Threatened

Green sea turtles are the most commonly observed sea turtles along California's coast and the northernmost resident population occurs in San Diego Bay. Despite their name, these turtles aren't particularly green—the name comes from the greenish color of their fat. They have heart-shaped shells, small heads, and single-clawed flippers. Juveniles and adults are present year-round in Southern California's bays, lagoons, and coastal inlets including San Diego Bay, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge, the San Gabriel River, and La Jolla Cove.

These turtles originate from nesting beaches in Michoacán, Mexico, and travel north to California to take advantage of productive coastal ecosystems rich in seagrass, eelgrass, and marine algae. Adults measure 3-4 feet in length and weigh 300-400 pounds. They are primarily herbivorous, feeding almost exclusively on vegetation as adults, though juveniles may eat invertebrates.

Green sea turtles represent one of the greatest conservation success stories in the eastern Pacific. After decades of legal harvest for their meat and eggs from the early 1900s through the early 1990s, the species has made a remarkable comeback thanks to nesting beach protections beginning in the late 1970s and foraging area protections starting in the mid-1990s. In 2025, the IUCN upgraded the global conservation status of green sea turtles from Endangered to Least Concern—a historic achievement reflecting decades of dedicated conservation work.

2. Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) - Vulnerable

Loggerhead sea turtles are the largest hard-shelled turtles in the world, with some individuals weighing over 1,000 pounds. They are highly migratory and travel between tropical and temperate waters. Loggerheads are infrequent but regular visitors to Southern California, with their presence being somewhat ephemeral—aerial surveys in 2011 found no turtles, while surveys in 2015 estimated over 15,000 loggerheads in California waters.

These turtles hatch in Japan and the western Pacific, then drift and swim across the Pacific Ocean, spending decades along the Baja California coast before returning to nest in their natal areas. Their sporadic appearances in California waters are influenced by oceanographic conditions and prey availability.

3. Pacific Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) - Critically Endangered / California State Marine Reptile

Leatherback sea turtles are the largest turtles and one of the largest living reptiles in the world, weighing up to 2,000 pounds and reaching 8 feet in length. Unlike other sea turtles, they have a soft, leathery shell instead of a hard carapace. These prehistoric giants undertake one of the longest migrations on Earth, crossing the Pacific Ocean from California to Indonesia—some 6,000 miles one way.

Leatherbacks can dive to depths of 4,000 feet and stay submerged for up to 85 minutes, though they typically surface every 5 minutes. They feed primarily on jellyfish and are drawn to California waters during summer months to take advantage of abundant jellyfish populations in the California Current. Despite millions of years on Earth, western Pacific leatherbacks are critically endangered, making them one of the world's most threatened marine animals. California designated the Pacific leatherback as the official State Marine Reptile in recognition of their importance to our coastal waters.

4. Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) - Vulnerable

Olive ridley sea turtles are the smallest of all sea turtles, measuring about 2-2.5 feet and weighing 80-110 pounds. Named for the olive color of their heart-shaped shells, these turtles typically prefer warmer waters but are occasionally found in California, particularly in areas like Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. They sometimes gather in small groups, sunning on the water surface to warm themselves in cooler California waters. They feed on algae, fish, crabs, shellfish, and shrimp.

5. Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) - Critically Endangered (Rare in California)

Hawksbill sea turtles are rare visitors to California waters. They are easily recognizable by their distinctive hawk-like beak and beautiful patterns on their shells and flippers. Unfortunately, this beauty has made them targets for the illegal tortoiseshell trade. Hawksbills prefer tropical waters and feed primarily on sponges found in coral reef environments.

Groundbreaking Research in Southern California

For over 20 years, NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center has conducted intensive research on sea turtles in Southern California, particularly focusing on green sea turtles in San Diego Bay, Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge, the San Gabriel River, and most recently, La Jolla Cove. This research, conducted in collaboration with local and federal agencies and universities including the Unified Port of San Diego, U.S. Navy, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, San Diego State University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Long Beach State University, has revealed fascinating insights into sea turtle ecology in urban environments.

Key Research Findings:

• Green turtles in California originate from Mexican nesting beaches in Michoacán and the Galápagos Islands
• San Diego Bay hosts the northernmost year-round resident population of East Pacific green turtles
• Turtles coexist successfully with humans in highly urbanized environments, taking advantage of productive bay ecosystems
• Warm water effluent from power plants historically provided thermal refuges, attracting and concentrating turtle populations
• Turtles show distinct seasonal movement patterns, with increased activity during warmer months
• San Gabriel River monitoring from 2013-2021 documented year-round green turtle presence, particularly near Los Cerritos Wetlands and warm water discharge areas
• Green turtles feed on eelgrass, sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca), and other marine algae in California waters
• Citizen science observations have dramatically increased our understanding of turtle distribution and abundance
• Sex ratios, growth rates, and age at recruitment have been established for California populations
• Satellite telemetry and tracking studies reveal detailed movement patterns and habitat preferences

Conservation Challenges: Threats Facing Sea Turtles

While there is good news about sea turtle populations worldwide—particularly the remarkable recovery of green sea turtles—these ancient mariners still face significant threats that require ongoing conservation attention.

Primary Threats:

• Fisheries Bycatch: Accidental capture in fishing gear, particularly longlines, trawls, and gillnets, remains one of the most significant threats. Dr. Seminoff's current work focuses heavily on reducing bycatch in small-scale fisheries throughout Latin America.
• Entanglement in Marine Debris: Sea turtles become entangled in abandoned fishing gear ("ghost nets"), plastic debris, and other marine trash, leading to injury, drowning, or starvation.
• Boat Strikes: Collisions with boats and ships cause significant injuries and mortality, particularly in busy harbors, bays, and coastal areas where turtles forage.
• Coastal Power Plant Entrainment: Turtles attracted to warm water discharge areas near power plants can be entrained (sucked into) cooling water intake systems, causing injury or death.
• Habitat Loss and Degradation: Coastal development, pollution, and climate change degrade both nesting beaches and foraging habitats. Loss of seagrass beds and algae-rich areas directly impacts feeding grounds.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures affect sand temperatures on nesting beaches, skewing sex ratios (warmer sand produces more females). Sea level rise threatens nesting beaches, and changing ocean conditions affect prey distribution and migration patterns.
• Illegal Harvest: In some regions, sea turtles and their eggs continue to be taken illegally for consumption or traditional use, despite protections.
• Pollution: Plastic ingestion, chemical contamination, and oil spills harm sea turtles. Turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, leading to intestinal blockages and starvation.

Conservation Success Stories: Reasons for Hope

Dr. Seminoff's presentation highlighted remarkable conservation successes that demonstrate what can be achieved through dedicated research, protection measures, and international cooperation.

Major Conservation Achievements:

• Green Sea Turtle Recovery: The 2025 IUCN reclassification of green sea turtles from Endangered to Least Concern globally represents one of the greatest conservation success stories. Nesting numbers in Florida alone have increased from 94 nests in 1985 to 8,774 nests in 2025—a nearly 100-fold increase.
• Endangered Species Act Protections: All sea turtle species in U.S. waters are protected under the ESA, with NOAA Fisheries and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service sharing conservation jurisdiction.
• Nesting Beach Protections: Beginning in the 1970s, protection of key nesting beaches in Mexico, Central America, and throughout the Pacific has allowed populations to recover.
• International Cooperation: The Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles brings nations together to coordinate conservation across turtle migration routes.
• Bycatch Reduction Technology: Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in trawl fisheries and modified fishing gear have significantly reduced mortality.
• Long-Term Monitoring Programs: Decades of consistent monitoring have provided the data needed to assess population trends and evaluate conservation effectiveness.
• Research Advancements: Innovations in satellite telemetry, genetic analysis, stable isotope studies, and aerial surveys have revolutionized our understanding of sea turtle movements, diet, and population connectivity.
• Community Engagement: Local communities in nesting areas have become conservation partners, protecting beaches and engaging in eco-tourism rather than turtle harvest.

How You Can Help Protect California's Sea Turtles

Sea turtle conservation requires ongoing support from scientists, policymakers, and the public. Here are ways you can make a difference:

1. Report Sea Turtle Sightings - Become a Citizen Scientist!

Your observations are invaluable for tracking where and when sea turtles occur in Pacific waters. If you see a sea turtle anywhere along the West Coast, please report it immediately:

NOAA West Coast Sea Turtle Sightings Survey: Report Your Sighting

The survey asks for basic information including date, time, location, species (if known), behavior, and photos if possible. This community science data helps researchers understand distribution patterns, seasonal movements, and population trends. With more eyes on the water and smartphones ready to document sightings, we're learning more about sea turtles in California than ever before!

2. Support Conservation Organizations

NOAA Fisheries - Marine Turtle Ecology & Assessment Program

Learn More: NOAA SWFSC Marine Turtle Program

Dr. Seminoff's program conducts cutting-edge research on sea turtle ecology, conservation, and management throughout the eastern Pacific.

Sea Turtle Conservancy

Website: https://conserveturtles.org/

The world's oldest sea turtle research and conservation organization, founded in 1959, working to protect sea turtles through research, advocacy, education, and protection of their natural habitats.

Turtle Island Restoration Network

Website: https://seaturtles.org/

Headquartered in California, this organization advocates for endangered sea turtles along the West Coast and worldwide, engaging the public through education and conservation programs.

Aquarium of the Pacific - Sea Turtle Monitoring Project

The Aquarium's Southern California Sea Turtle Monitoring Project uses citizen science volunteers to track green sea turtles in the San Gabriel River, contributing valuable data to conservation efforts.

3. Take Action in Your Daily Life

• Reduce plastic use and participate in beach cleanups to prevent marine debris
• Properly dispose of fishing line and gear—never abandon equipment in the ocean
• Use reef-safe sunscreen to protect marine ecosystems
• Choose sustainable seafood and support fisheries that use turtle-safe practices
• Slow down and watch for turtles when boating in turtle habitats
• Never disturb nesting sea turtles or hatchlings if traveling to nesting beaches
• Keep beaches dark at night near nesting areas (lights disorient hatchlings)
• Support marine protected areas and conservation policies
• Educate others about sea turtle conservation
• If you find a stranded, injured, or dead sea turtle, call NOAA's West Coast Stranding Hotline immediately

4. Learn More About Sea Turtles

NOAA Fisheries Sea Turtles: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/sea-turtles

Dr. Seminoff's Profile: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/contact/jeffrey-seminoff-phd

Faces of Sea Turtle Conservation - Jeff Seminoff: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/faces-sea-turtle-conservation-jeff-seminoff-marine-ecologist

Why Sea Turtle Conservation Matters

Sea turtles have survived for over 100 million years, outliving the dinosaurs and adapting to countless environmental changes. They play vital ecological roles in marine ecosystems—grazing on seagrass beds keeps them healthy and productive, providing habitat for countless other species. Sea turtles transport nutrients between oceanic and coastal ecosystems, and their eggs and hatchlings provide food for numerous predators, supporting beach and dune ecosystems.

As Dr. Seminoff emphasized, sea turtles are also powerful indicators of ocean health. Their presence in an area signals productive, functioning marine ecosystems. Their struggles reveal the cumulative impacts of human activities on our oceans—from overfishing to climate change to plastic pollution.

Protecting sea turtles means protecting the ocean systems we all depend on. These ancient mariners connect us to our natural heritage and inspire wonder in people of all ages. Their remarkable recovery stories—particularly the green sea turtle's journey from endangered to least concern—demonstrate that conservation works when we commit to it.

Science, Community, and Hope

The San Diego Herpetological Society is honored to have hosted Dr. Jeffrey Seminoff and to support the critical work being done by NOAA's Marine Turtle Ecology & Assessment Program right here in San Diego. Dr. Seminoff's presentation reminded us that we are fortunate to live in a region where sea turtles swim in our bays, forage in our kelp forests, and migrate along our coastline.

The story of California's sea turtles is one of remarkable resilience and hard-won conservation success, tempered by ongoing challenges that require continued vigilance and action. Through rigorous science, thoughtful management, international cooperation, and public engagement, we can ensure that sea turtles continue to grace our Pacific waters for millions of years to come.

We encourage everyone to become part of this conservation story—report your turtle sightings, support conservation organizations, reduce your environmental footprint, and share your passion for these extraordinary animals with others. Together, we are all guardians of the Pacific.

Thank you, Dr. Seminoff, for your decades of dedication to sea turtle conservation and for sharing your knowledge with our community. Your work inspires us all to be better stewards of our ocean planet.

SEE A SEA TURTLE? Report it to NOAA's West Coast Sea Turtle Sightings Survey and become a citizen scientist today!

About the San Diego Herpetological Society

The San Diego Herpetological Society is dedicated to advancing the knowledge, appreciation, and conservation of reptiles and amphibians. We host monthly meetings featuring leading experts, educational programs, and conservation initiatives throughout San Diego County. Join us for our next meeting to connect with fellow herp enthusiasts and learn from world-class scientists!

For more information, visit: www.sdherpsociety.org

Additional Resources and Links

NOAA Marine Turtle Ecology & Assessment Program: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/marine-turtle-ecology-assessment-research

Green Turtle Research in Southern California: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/green-turtle-research-and-conservation-southern-california

Report Sea Turtle Sightings: swfsc.turtle-sightings@noaa.gov

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - Sea Turtles: https://www.fws.gov/program/sea-turtles

State of the World's Sea Turtles (SWOT): https://www.seaturtlestatus.org/

References

• NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Marine Turtle Ecology & Assessment Program.
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (2025). Green Sea Turtle Assessment.
• Eguchi, T., et al. (2012). Morphology and growth rates of the green sea turtle in a northern-most temperate foraging ground. Herpetologica, 68:76-87.
• MacDonald, B., et al. (2012). Home ranges of East Pacific green turtles in a highly urbanized temperate foraging ground. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 461:211-221.
• Allen, C.D., et al. (2013). Migratory origin of loggerhead turtles in the southern California bight. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 472:275-285.
• California State Capitol Museum. Pacific Leatherback Sea Turtle - State Marine Reptile.
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Eastern Pacific Green Sea Turtle Species Profile.
• Aquarium of the Pacific. Southern California Sea Turtle Monitoring Project, San Gabriel River Data (2013-2021).

Have you ever wanted a pet reptile that isn’t as small as a leopard gecko? This reptile from the land down under is twice the size of the leopard gecko, but is still a great first pet. This might sound a bit frightening but the SDHS has put together a guide on how to take care of this larger lizard. But before you think about adopting a bearded dragon you should do your own research. The best thing you can do for your pet reptile is getting the knowledge that allows your reptile to thrive.   

Natural History

Bearded dragons or Pogona vitticeps are native to the semi-arid region of the Australian outback. They are semi-arboreal meaning they can be found basking

Often people want to get a new pet for the first time, but a dog or cat is sometimes too much to handle. So look no further than the leopard gecko: the best reptile pet for beginners. I bet you’re wondering “how do I take care of a reptile”. No need to worry about that, the SDHS have created a leopard gecko care guide just for you. Under this text you will learn about leopard gecko natural history, enclosure necessities, diet, hydration, nutrition, and handling. But before we start, it is important to keep in mind the number 1 tip for getting a new pet: Do your research. You want your gecko to have a fulfilling life, so seeking out the best sources is gonna be essential for reptile care. It is also important to think about the long term details. Who will be the caretaker? How long does a gecko live? and other questions like that. We will help guide you.  

Natural History

These fat tailed geckos inhabit areas such as Afghanistan, Punjab India, and the Salt Mountain range of Pakistan. Specifically they hide in tiny crevices and holes in the ground/gravel. When they are out of their hiding places they hunt for insects on the mudflats of Pakistan. Leopard geckos will try to avoid deserts and prefer more humid areas close to the shore or rainforests, but they are still found in arid areas. When found they are often together in colonies of geckos under the ground. Most leopard geckos live on the Pothohar Plateau. This is because it ranges from 22-24 degrees C and the humidity is 30-40% which is favored by leopard geckos. 

Size, Age and Weight

Leopard geckos have a pretty distinct shape among lizards. They come in many different colors, but most of them will have their signature leopard print bodies. These geckos can live to 15 years of age but they can become fully grown in one year. Here are their size and weight ratios throughout their lifetime.

• 0-2 months old: 1.5-2 inches long, 2-5 grams 

• 2-7 months old: 5 inches long, 15-20 grams

• 7-12 months old: 6-7 inches long, 30-40 grams

• 12+ months old: 7-10 inches long, 50+ grams

After 12 months the leopard gecko will stay relatively the same weight and size with proper care.

Handling 

Rule #1 for handling leopard geckos is to NOT pick them up by the tail. Their tails can detach if they are picked up like that. Geckos store nutrients in their tails and it really hurts when they detach their tails. 

So how do you handle a leopard gecko? The best thing to do is let the gecko come to you rather than forcefully picking it up. Although if your gecko is used to being held then you can pick it up by the belly and support its body weight, legs, and arms. 

Enclosure 

Since leopard geckos are relatively small they will not need as big as a tank compared to a bearded dragon or ball python. But there are requirements on how large the tank should be. It should be 36 inches long, 18 inches wide, and high, although larger is better. In other words the tank should be at least 10 gallons to begin with, then move up to 20-40 gallons. The substrate of the tank should be paper towels, or a mix of soil and sand; avoid sand because of digestive issues.  

Heating/lighting

Almost all reptiles need heat to survive since most of them are cold blooded. So you leopard gecko is gonna need that heat. There should be 2 of your enclosures. One side should be 80-90 degrees F and the other cooler side should be 75-80 degrees F. The main source of heat should be a heat pad on the warmer side of the tank. Leopard geckos prefer the under belly heat, but heat lamps are also suitable for geckos. Avoid heat rocks as this could burn the animal. Additionally a UVB lamp is optional but it is beneficial for calcium absorption. 

Hiding Places

Geckos naturally like to hide and feel safe, so it would be essential to provide hiding places for your gecko. For every gecko there should be at least 3 different hiding places. 1 should be on the cooler side, the other should be on the warmer side, then the 3rd can be placed wherever. Additionally find foliage for the gecko tank to create a more natural environment. The cool side of the tank can also be a humid side which can have a paper towel, or vermiculite.     

Diet 

Diet and hydration are extremely important to the health of leopard geckos. The main cause of gecko deaths is the lack of proper food and water. Leopard geckos are primarily insectivorous meaning they only eat insects and other invertebrates. Good food to feed your gecko includes crickets, mealworms, and dubia roaches. Although you need to take care of the insects as much as your gecko. 

To maximize nutritional value you need to gut load your insects (nutritional feeding and hydrating your insects) and dust them with calcium. You can dust the insects by putting them in a bag then putting a bit of calcium in the bag then shaking it up. Remember to use sponges or wet cotton balls for crickets because they will drown in still water. Do not gut load your insects with cricket cubes because they have no nutritional value. Do not just feed your gecko mealworms, because this can lead to health issues. Feeding your gecko a variety of insects is essential. 

Hydration

Provide your gecko with fresh filtered water everyday. You need a shallow water bowl for your gecko to sip from and clean it daily. 

Conclusion

Leopard geckos are great pets for first time pet owners. They do not require a ton of maintenance, but they still have specific requirements to stay alive and thrive. The #1 tip for taking care of leopard geckos is, as said at the start, to do your research. Don't just look at one source, find as many as you can because every gecko is different.  

Frequently asked questions

Is it better to have 1 or 2 leopard geckos?

While it is not recommended, having 2 leopard geckos is acceptable as long as they are both female and hatch together. Male leopard geckos can be territorial and try to kill the other geckos. Additionally if you put a female and male together they will most likely breed and lay eggs. So it is recommended you get 1 Gecko by itself. 

Do leopard geckos like to be held?

This depends on your gecko's personality and how much they trust you. Usually reptiles want nothing to do with humans but if they know that you are not a threat they will allow you to hold them. However this does not mean you can go pick up wild reptiles that might be venomous.

Can leopard geckos see in the dark?

Yes they can see in the dark. Leopard geckos are crepuscular meaning they are most active at sunrise and sunset. Their eyes are well adapted for low light vision. 

My leopard gecko isn’t eating. What should I do?

Leopard geckos like a variety of food and will occasionally stop eating. Another reason can be the lack of proper temperature. Geckos and most reptiles are cold blooded and depend on temperature to digest their food. If your gecko is an adult and doesn’t eat every day then that is normal. Adults only need to eat 2-3 times per week. But if your gecko starts losing weight and their tail gets thinner, then contact a non-domestic veterinarian.   

If you'd like to learn more about leopard geckos from one of our top reptile veterinarians click here: https://www.pethospitalpq.com/dr-boyer-veterinary-specialisthe-reptile-and-amphibian-vet.pml

 

References

• Graf, Alex. “Python Regius (Ball Python, Royal Python).” Animal Diversity Web, 2011, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Python_regius/.

• Boyer,DVM,DABVP-Reptiles, Thomas H. “Dr. Boyer the Reptile and Amphibian Vet - Pet Hospital of Peñasquitos - San Diego, CA.” Pethospitalpq.com, 2025, www.pethospitalpq.com/dr-boyer-veterinary-specialisthe-reptile-and-amphibian-vet.pml. Accessed 27 May 2025.

• “How Long Do Leopard Geckos Live?” Www.petmd.com, www.petmd.com/reptile/how-long-do-leopard-geckos-live.

• “Gecko Ranch | Leopard Gecko FAQs.” Www.geckoranch.com, www.geckoranch.com/leopard-gecko-faqs.php.

Rattlesnakes are very often misunderstood. Sometimes they are seen as heartless creatures that will attack humans. This is absolutely not true. Rattlesnakes are very unique reptiles that don’t want to be bothered and play a very important part in the ecosystem which has major benefits throughout the entire food chain, even for humans. While rattlesnakes are venomous they will not bite you intentionally. In fact that’s why they have their rattle, to warn people of their presence so that you don’t get hurt and they don’t get hurt. We have put together useful information to help you learn about the importance of these amazing animals and be able to identify them to help gain a better understanding of their behavior and steps you can take if you encounter one near your home or in the wild. Below you can learn about TRUTH about these snakes and see some examples of rattlesnakes that live in San Diego. 

The Southern Pacific Rattlesnake              

Rattlesnakes are abundant in southern California, they even live right here in San Diego. One specific example is the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake or the Crotalus helleri. They are the only rattlesnake found at Cabrillo national monument. They are also found in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, Orange County, and Mexico. Their habitats include grasslands, rocky deserts, and agricultural fields.  

What do they Look Like?

Rattlesnakes have a very distinctive shape and are fairly easy to identify. The Southern Pacific Rattlesnake is 24 to 55 inches in length and is a variety of browns with a lighter shade of hexagonal shapes on its back. Unlike other non-rattlesnakes it has a large triangular head with vertical eyes and a rattle at the end of its tail.

Is it venomous?

Yes, South pacific rattlesnakes are dangerously venomous, but as mentioned before, they do not intentionally bite humans. They mainly hunt for small rodents and sometimes rabbits. Later on we’ll explain more about what to do if you see one in the wild. 

Importance of southern pacific rattlesnakes

Even though it might not seem like it, rattlesnakes are very important to the environment. They help control the rodent population, ensuring the balance of the ecosystem, and prevents the spread of diseases. Rattlesnakes on average consume 21 rodents per year, eating 25% of the rodent population in their respective area. 

The Red Diamond RattleSnake

Another snake found very close to San Diego is the Red Diamond rattlesnake or the Crotalus ruber. Out of all the snakes on this page

This is one of the easiest to identify due to its distinctive red scales. They are a species of pit viper found in Southwestern California, Baja California, and Mexico. They live in a mostly coastal zone, in the mountains, and in the desert. Like all rattlesnake species they are venomous, but has one of the least potent venom, but still needs medical treatment    

What do they look like?

C. ruber can grow to 55 inches in length but the largest ever recorded was 64 inches. As said before they are very red all over the body with orange and white stripes going down along their back.  

What do they eat?

C. ruber, like all rattlesnakes, will eat small mammals like mice and rabbits. When they hunt, they ambush the small rodents with a sudden strike and venom, then the snake swallows the prey whole. This specific species of rattlesnake uses heat sensors on the side of its head to sense prey.     

Importance of Red Diamonds

As predators of their ecosystem, red diamonds control the rodent population much like other rattlesnakes. This can have positive impacts on other species and plant life. Red diamonds are considered a species of special concern meaning they are legally protected to ensure their survival because of their status of high risk. Here is a link to learn more.   

The Speckled RattleSnake

The speckled rattlesnake or the Crotalus mitchellii is one of the smaller species found in San Diego. It was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell, an American medical doctor studying rattlesnake venom. They are found in northwestern Mexico, southern California, Nevada, Utah, and western Arizona. They prefer rocky areas like deserts, and chaparral ecosystems. Like most rattlesnakes, C. mitchelli is primarily nocturnal.  

What do they look like?

This snake does not grow past 39 inches, including the rattle. They are one of the smaller rattlesnakes in San Diego. This species is known for its intense variation of color patterns that ranges from orange, to red, pink, yellow, and light blue.   

What do they eat?

Just like other rattlesnakes, Speckled rattlesnakes will eat small mammals, lizards, and birds.

Importance of Speckled 

These rattlesnakes will consume rodents that carry seeds. When the snake eats the rodent the seed remains intact in the stomach. Then when the snake defecates it will spread the seeds over long distances.   

What to do if you Encounter a Rattlesnake

Encountering a rattlesnake is a very lucky find, but to some people it may be terrifying. If you are one of these people who are scared of rattlesnakes, there's really nothing to worry about. Here's what you need to know in order to keep yourself and the snake safe.

Most people think that rattlesnakes want to bite you and that they are highly aggressive. This is not true, no rattlesnake is aggressive. Rattlesnakes will always try to avoid any conflict with humans and survive without stress.   

Usually before you see a rattlesnake you will definitely hear it. When you do see the snake it might be standing tall and shaking its rattle but this is not aggression. This is a warning saying that the snake is there and it doesn’t want to be bothered. Us humans are too big for rattlesnakes so they have no reason to attack us. If rattlesnakes were aggressive however, then we wouldn’t be able to go on hikes.   

Then why do they bite us? As said before they do not do this intentionally, they are defending themselves. They don’t know if you are a threat or not so they defend themselves if you get too close. 

So here's some guidelines on what to do when you see a rattlesnake 

• Usually you’ll hear the rattle sound before you see it so try to locate the snake

• make sure to stay at least 10 feet away. DO NOT touch the snake. 

• Do not try to kill the snake because that raises the chances of the snake biting you and it is illegal to kill the red diamond rattlesnake.  

• Always keep your dog on a leash so that it doesn’t get bit

Conclusion

Rattlesnakes live in San Diego and are not out to get you. They are animals just like you and every other animal on the planet. They play an important role in the food web by keeping the rodent population down while also serving as food for larger birds of prey. Without rattlesnakes the balance of the food chain would break since they are such a vital part of it. Rattlesnakes deserve our respect, but you can still observe these unique reptiles from a safe distance. 

 

Frequently asked questions

What are rattlesnake tails made of?

Rattlesnake tails are made of interconnecting hollow segments made of keratin. These are also known as rattles which are loosely connected. This material is the same thing that your nails are made of. 

How old can rattlesnakes live?

Despite their small size the rattlesnake can live up to 10 to 25 years old. In rare cases they can live to 30 years old. 

What is the largest rattlesnake in the world?

The eastern diamond rattlesnake (Cortalus adamanteus) is the largest rattlesnake in the world. It can grow to 7-10 feet in length and weigh 34 pounds. Along with its largest size it has one of the most dangerous venoms in the United states. This snake however is not in San Diego, but lives in areas of North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. Its habitats include dry pine forests, salt marshes, and flatwoods. In these areas it likes to steal the borrows made by gophers and gopher tortoises.

Are rattlesnakes the top predator in their area?

To put it simply, no. Rattlesnakes play an important role in the middle of the food chain by eating rodents. They are, however, eaten by other larger species such as the badger, eagles, vultures, hawks, bobcats, coyotes, and California kingsnakes. 

What is the survival rate of a rattlesnake bite?

Even though rattlesnakes have dangerous venom, you have a very high chance of surviving. Fatalities from rattlesnakes are very rare, especially when medical care is very widespread. It is estimated that 1 in 600 rattlesnake bites are fatal, so it is very unlikely you will die from a rattlesnake bite.

What to do if you have a rattlesnake in your backyard?

First of all you need to keep your distance and stay calm. Make sure your pets are locked up to prevent them from being bit. DO NOT try to handle the snake yourself, call any San Diego animal services. 

Image Credit 

https://depositphotos.com/photos/southern-pacific-rattlesnake.html

https://sdmmp.com/view_species.php?taxaid=174316

Tom Derr - rattlesnake specialist 

          

References

• Wikipedia Contributors. “Crotalus Helleri.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 May 2025.

• “Snakes - Cabrillo National Monument (U.S. National Park Service).” Nps.gov, 2024, www.nps.gov/cabr/learn/nature/snakes.htm. Accessed 14 May 2025.

• “What to Do If You Encounter a Rattlesnake.” Wildlife.utah.gov, wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/1202-rattlesnake-encounter-what-to-do.html.

• “Arizona Hikers’ Guide to Rattlesnake Safety - Rattlesnake Solutions.” Https://Rattlesnakesolutions.com, 21 Mar. 2018, rattlesnakesolutions.com/snakeblog/arizona-snakes/arizona-hikers-guide-to-rattlesnake-safety/. Accessed 16 May 2025.

• “Red Diamond Rattlesnake - Crotalus Ruber.” Californiaherps.com, californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.ruber.html.

• Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake. “Southwestern Speckled Rattlesnake – Arizona Snake Identification and Information.” Rattlesnakesolutions.com, 2025, rattlesnakesolutions.com/snake-information/roa-southwestern-speckled-rattlesnake.php. Accessed 16 May 2025

Since 1978, the San Diego Herpetological Society (SDHS) has been a cornerstone for individuals passionate about reptiles and amphibians. As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, SDHS is dedicated to education, conservation, and the responsible care of herpetofauna.

Our Mission

SDHS aims to:

• Educate the public on the appreciation and proper care of reptiles and amphibians.

• Promote the study and conservation of herpetofauna.

• Facilitate the protection and, when necessary, the rescue of at-risk animals.

• Collaborate with organizations and individuals sharing similar goals.

Community Engagement

SDHS hosts monthly meetings every third Tuesday at 7:00 PM in Balboa Park's Casa Del Prado, Room 104. These gatherings feature guest speakers, live animal presentations, and opportunities for enthusiasts to connect. 

For younger enthusiasts, the Junior Herp Club offers both in-person and virtual events, fostering early interest in herpetology. 

Rescue and Adoption

Committed to animal welfare, SDHS operates a rescue and adoption program for reptiles and amphibians. A dedicated team of volunteers provides care, rehabilitation, and rehoming services, ensuring these animals find suitable homes. 

Get Involved

Whether you're a seasoned herpetologist or a curious newcomer, SDHS welcomes you to join its community. Membership offers access to resources, events, and a network of like-minded individuals. Donations support ongoing rescue efforts and educational programs.

To learn more, visit the San Diego Herpetological Society website.

Note: This blog post serves as a placeholder and can be expanded with additional details, images, and links to specific programs or events.

Sources